ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To describe and contrast early complementary feeding (ECF) over time in breastfed infants in the Dominican Republic (DR) and Haiti, the two countries that share the island of Hispaniola. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted on cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys administered at four different time-points in both countries between 1994 and 2013. Extracted samples were composed of breastfed infants < 6 months of age whose caregivers had responded to dietary questions on food consumption in the previous 24 hours. Results Plain water was the most frequently consumed complementary substance in both countries. However, the prevalence of water consumption increased in the DR over time, whereas in Haiti it decreased. Milk (non-breast) use was also common and followed a similar pattern as water over time in the two countries. Expanded use of water and milk in the DR are the major contributors to its drop in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates over time. Whereas in Haiti, a reduction in a broader array of liquids and semi-solids/solids overtime appears to have contributed to its markedly improved EBF rates. Conclusion Determining contributors to the differential trends in water and milk (non-breast) use between these two countries may identify targets for addressing the persistent gaps in EBF on the island of Hispaniola.
RESUMEN Objetivo Describir y contrastar la alimentación complementaria temprana a lo largo del tiempo del lactante amamantado en la República Dominicana y Haití, los dos países que comparten la isla La Española. Métodos Se realizó un análisis secundario de datos transversales obtenidos de las encuestas de demografía y salud administradas en cuatro momentos diferentes en ambos países entre el año 1994 y el 2013. Las muestras extraídas estaban constituidas por lactantes amamantados < 6 meses de edad respecto a los cuales las personas encargadas de su cuidado habían respondido a preguntas sobre el consumo de alimentos en las 24 horas precedentes. Resultados El agua fue la sustancia complementaria consumida con mayor frecuencia en ambos países. Sin embargo, con el transcurso del tiempo fue aumentando la prevalencia del consumo de agua en la República Dominicana, en tanto que disminuyó en Haití. También era común el consumo de leche (no materna), con una tendencia similar a la del consumo del agua en los dos países. El mayor consumo de agua y leche (no materna) en la República Dominicana es uno de los principales factores de la disminución de las tasas de lactancia materna exclusiva con el transcurso del tiempo en ese país. En Haití, en cambio, la reducción de una variedad más amplia de líquidos y semisólidos/sólidos a lo largo del tiempo parece haber contribuido a tasas claramente más altas de lactancia materna exclusiva. Conclusiones Los factores determinantes que contribuyen a las tendencias diferenciales en el consumo de agua y leche (no materna) en estos dos países pueden servir para establecer metas a fin de abordar las brechas que persisten en cuanto a la lactancia materna exclusiva en la isla La Española.
RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e examinar a evolução temporal da introdução precoce da alimentação complementar em lactentes amamentados na Ilha de São Domingos (formada pela República Dominicana e Haiti). Métodos Uma análise de dados secundários foi conduzida com dados transversais coletados em pesquisas de demografia e saúde realizadas República Dominicana e Haiti em quatro pontos temporais distintos entre 1994 e 2013. As amostras obtidas incluíram lactentes amamentados menores de 6 meses de idade cujos cuidadores responderam um questionário sobre consumo alimentar nas 24 horas precedentes. Resultados Água pura foi a substância complementar mais consumida em ambos os países. Porém, a prevalência do consumo de água aumentou com o tempo na República Dominicana, enquanto diminuiu no Haiti. Foi observado também o consumo de leite (não materno) que seguiu um padrão temporal semelhante ao da água nos dois países. O amplo consumo de água e leite (não materno) na República Dominicana é um dos principais contribuintes para a queda do índice de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) ao longo do tempo neste país. No entanto, no Haiti, a redução no consumo de uma ampla variedade de alimentos líquidos e semissólidos/sólidos com o tempo parece ter contribuído para uma melhora acentuada no índice de AME. Conclusão Determinar os contribuintes para as tendências diferenciais de consumo de água e leite (não materno) entre os dois países pode ajudar a definir as metas visando sanar as lacunas persistentes em AME na Ilha de São Domingos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Weaning , Breast Feeding , Infant Nutrition , Milk, Human , HaitiABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the extent of exposure to community violence among delinquent Brazilian youth in the 12-month period prior to their incarceration and to identify factors associated with this exposure. METHOD: With an oversampling of girls, a cross-section of youth under 18 years of age from juvenile detention units in the city of São Paulo, Brazil completed a structured interview. Key items related to exposure to violence (witnessed and experienced) were drawn from the Social and Health Assessment questionnaire to cover the 12-month period prior to incarceration. RESULTS: Participants (n = 325, 89 percent boys) reported high rates of exposure to violence with largely similar levels for boys and girls. Being threatened with physical harm, being beaten or mugged and/or shot at were the most common forms of violence experienced. After controlling for demographic and family variables, the fact of having peers involved in risk behavior, easy access to guns and previous involvement with the justice system were associated with witnessed violence; whereas having slept on the street was the only variable associated with experienced violence. CONCLUSION: This group of youth was exposed to high levels of violence and other adverse experiences. Future research should examine the effectiveness of strategies aimed at reducing the exposure to violence of high-risk youth.
OBJETIVO: Esse estudo procurou determinar a extensão da exposição à violência na comunidade entre jovens brasileiros delinquentes nos 12 meses que antecederam sua privação de liberdade e identificar fatores associados a essa exposição. MÉTODO: Um corte transversal de menores de 18 anos internados em unidades da Fundação Casa/ex-FEBEM na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil (com meninas superamostradas) participou de entrevista estruturada. Itens-chave sobre exposição à violência (testemunhada e vivenciada) foram retirados do questionário Social and Health Assessment para cobrir o período de 12 meses anterior à internação. RESULTADOS: Os participantes (n = 325, 89 por cento meninos) referiram altas taxas de exposição à violência, taxas estas muito similares entre meninos e meninas. Ter sofrido ameaças de lesão física, ter sido espancado ou assaltado e/ou baleado foram as formas mais comuns de violência vivenciada. Após controlar por fatores sociodemográficos e familiares, o relacionamento com jovens envolvidos em comportamentos de risco, o fácil acesso a armas de fogo e a passagem prévia pela Justiça estiveram associados à violência testemunhada, enquanto ter dormido na rua foi o único fator associado à violência vivenciada. CONCLUSÃO: Esse grupo de jovens foi exposto a altos níveis de violência e a outras experiências adversas. Pesquisas futuras devem examinar a efetividade de estratégias que visem reduzir a exposição à violência entre jovens de alto risco.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Crime Victims/psychology , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Prisoners , Risk-Taking , Violence/psychology , Brazil/epidemiology , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Juvenile Delinquency/statistics & numerical data , Peer Group , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sex Distribution , Sex Factors , Social Environment , Urban Population , Violence/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to identify local knowledge and practices of, and barriers to, the home management of childhood diarrhoea in a poor periurban district of the Dominican Republic. In total, 582 caregivers of children aged five years and younger were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Forty-six percent of the caregivers reported that one of their children had experienced diarrhoea within the last month. There was high reported use of ORS and knowledge of its preparation and principal function. However, there were many obstacles to its use. Other concerns included high rates of dietary restrictions during diarrhoea, positive view of the use of antibiotics, poor knowledge of preparation of sugar-salt solutions, and low attention given to clinical indicators as reasons for seeking professional treatment. Health-promotion efforts should target these areas of concerns to further improve the management of childhood diarrhoea in this district.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Caregivers , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea/therapy , Dominican Republic , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Home Care Services , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Poverty , Surveys and Questionnaires , Regression Analysis , Rehydration Solutions/therapeutic use , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Teh objectives of this study were to determine: 1) whether mothers' perceptions of typical community practice for breast-feeding duration influence their personal practices and 2) whether the mothers' reports of commmunity reasons for terminating breast-feeding identify barriers not elicited trhough self-report. METHODS: The study was conducted in1997 in a sample of poor neighborhoods in a periurban district of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. A representative sample of 220 mothers from these neighborhoods was interviewed with a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: While the duration of breast-feeding was similar for self-report and for mothers' perceptions of typical community practice, ther was no statisically significant correlation between these two variables. "Mother-driven" reasons but rarely given as personal reasons. Personal reasons were predominately "child-driven," including "the child not wanting the breast," or reasons beyond the mother's control such as having "insufficient" milk. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal report of community reasons for early termination may be a useful way to identify factors that would not otherwise be reevealed on self-report aimed at increasing breast-feeding duration